Performance Investigation on Routing Protocols using Mobility Models with Multimedia Applications

Abstract

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)is a self-organized and self-configurable network where as mobile nodes move arbitrarily. MANET consists of mobile wireless nodes. The communication between these mobile nodes is carried out without any well defined infrastructure as well as centralized control or without any third party base station. MANET can be classified into three routing protocols are Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. In this paper we compare performance of routing protocol with different mobility models and by its multimedia applications. We are focusing on Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), which is proactive routing protocol, (AODV) Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector is Reactive Routing Protocol and also known as on demand routing protocol and Gathering-based Routing Protocol (GRP). Our simulation is conducting on OPNET 14.5 for both mobility model .In this paper we have compare two mobility models with above three protocols. We can compare its performance with its throughput, Delay, Network Load, Data dropped and Retransmission using 50 nodes in both mobility models and also further we have comparative analysis.

Introduction

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a decentralized, infrastructure-less wireless network where mobile nodes communicate directly without a centralized controller or base station. Each node acts as both a host and a router, dynamically forming routes and forwarding packets for end-to-end communication. The performance of MANETs depends heavily on accurate mobility models, which simulate node movement patterns. Mobility models are broadly categorized into entity models (independent node movement) and group models (nodes move collectively). Key models include Random Waypoint, Vector Mobility, Random Walk, Gauss-Markov, Manhattan, Reference Point Group Mobility (RPGM), and others.

Routing protocols in MANET are classified into:

1. Proactive (Table-Driven) Protocols – Maintain updated routing tables for all nodes.

   • Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR): Uses Multipoint Relays (MPRs) to reduce overhead and provide low-delay, shortest-path routing.

   • Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV): Uses sequence numbers to prevent loops and periodically updates routing tables.

2. Reactive (On-Demand) Protocols – Discover routes only when required.

   • Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV): Uses RREQ, RREP, and RERR messages and destination sequence numbers to establish loop-free routes dynamically.

   • Dynamic Source Routing (DSR): Employs route discovery and maintenance, storing routes in cache to reduce overhead.

3. Hybrid Protocols – Combine proactive and reactive features.

   • Gathering-based Routing Protocol (GRP): Integrates benefits of both approaches to support delay-sensitive multimedia applications.

The related work highlights advancements in MANET research, including mobility prediction using genetic algorithms, ARIMA and neural networks (MLP), reinforcement learning-based routing, opportunistic routing, and two-hop relay algorithms. These studies aim to improve throughput, reduce delay, enhance stability, and optimize energy efficiency.

Mobility models are critical for evaluating MANET performance in real-world scenarios such as military operations, disaster recovery, emergency rescue, video conferencing, collaborative work, and distributed applications. Real-time multimedia applications require low delay, minimal packet loss, and efficient multicast communication.

Simulation was conducted using OPNET 14.5 with 50 nodes in a 3.5×3.5 km area under IEEE 802.11 MAC, comparing Random Waypoint and Vector Mobility models for OLSR, AODV, and GRP protocols. Performance metrics included throughput, delay, network load, data dropped, and retransmission.

Results show that OLSR performs best, achieving higher throughput and lower delay than AODV and GRP in both mobility models. Vector Mobility generally performs better than Random Waypoint due to more realistic node movement behavior.

Conclusion

It is observe in our comprehensive simulation on various routing protocol of MANET under different mobility models. It shows comparative analysis towards significant performance and behaviour different state and find out appropriate condition towards conventional MANET’s. To analysis such type of scenarios we have modelled variably the nodes movement by vector mobility model and random way point mobility model. In this paper we are focusing three routing protocol is: OLSR, AODV and GRP for vector mobility model and random way point mobility model. Our simulation was conducted on OPNET 14.5 for both mobility model to improve packet delivery capacity and end-to-end delay in MANETs. However this method is more robust for communication in MANET. In simulation result the mobility nodes achieves a better throughputs, delay and network load for retransmissions for network. The considering work improve the performance of the for its significant. We finally point out some promising research and directions towards smart routing protocols.

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Copyright © 2026 Sadhna ., Mandeep Kaur. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.